Monthly solar panel tilt table
These monthly values use the latitude above and the sun's approximate declination on the 15th of each month. They target a surface roughly perpendicular to direct sunlight at solar noon.
| Month | Solar-noon reference tilt |
|---|---|
| Jan | 61.3° |
| Feb | 52.9° |
| Mar | 42.4° |
| Apr | 30.6° |
| May | 21.2° |
| Jun | 16.7° |
| Jul | 18.5° |
| Aug | 26.2° |
| Sep | 37.2° |
| Oct | 49.0° |
| Nov | 58.4° |
| Dec | 63.3° |
How the solar tilt calculation works
For an annual fixed array, tilt approximately equal to absolute latitude is a practical first estimate. Monthly and seasonal modes use solar declination:
δ = 23.45° × sin[(360° ÷ 365) × (284 + n)]
At solar noon, zenith angle is approximately Z = |φ − δ|, where φ is signed latitude and n is day of year. The calculator uses that zenith angle as an approximate panel tilt and constrains the result to 0–90°.
How to interpret the angle
The annual result is a latitude-based starting tilt. Monthly and seasonal results are solar-noon geometric reference tilts for the selected date. In every mode, 0° is flat or horizontal and 90° is vertical. In the Northern Hemisphere, the equator-facing direction is south; in the Southern Hemisphere, it is north.
The estimate does not model shading, roof constraints, diffuse radiation, local weather, bifacial gain, trackers, east/west layouts, time-of-use tariffs or regulations. It does not optimize monthly energy production. A different tilt or direction may better match site conditions or morning and evening demand.
Calculated examples
Solar panel angle FAQ
What angle should solar panels be installed at?
For a fixed annual array, absolute latitude is a practical first estimate. Shading, roof geometry and energy goals can justify another angle.
Should solar panel tilt equal latitude?
It is a useful annual starting point, not a universal optimum.
What angle is best for solar panels in winter?
Winter sun is lower, so a steeper tilt is generally appropriate. This calculator estimates it from latitude and solar declination.
Which direction should solar panels face?
For a general annual recommendation, face toward the equator: south in the Northern Hemisphere and north in the Southern Hemisphere.